Application of Open and Distance Learning in Positioning Nigerian Educational System for Sustainable National Development
Keywords:
Open and Distance LearningAbstract
Globally, universities are seen as centres for evolving ideas, mechanisms and strategies for positioning nations on the part of enduring development. Indeed, they are the pivot for implementing Sustainable Development (SD). The concept of sustainable development which is the hallmark of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has as part of its main objectives the eradication of extreme poverty; achievement of universal primary education and promotion of gender equality and women empowerment, ends that cannot be attained without effective and functional tertiary educational system. Yet, the conventional system seems to be incapable of contributing to its attainment; hence an alternative mode is required. Open and Distance Learning mode of education seems to be the answer. This study, therefore, while focusing on the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) used qualitative and contextual methods to examine how the institution’s ODL system of education is aiding Nigeria’s achievement of sustainability. Its findings included that the ODL mode has a lot of potentials and inbuilt devices favourable to aiding NOUN in putting Nigeria on the part of sustainable development, though the system faces some challenges. It, therefore, recommended adequate funding and staffing; provision of infrastructure and further expansion of the mode of education in order to assist NOUN pursue the objective.
Résumé : À l'échelle mondiale, les universités sont considérées comme des centres d'évolution des idées, des mécanismes et des stratégies pour positionner les nations sur la ligne du développement durable. En effet, elles sont le pivot de la mise en œuvre du développement durable (DD). Le concept de développement durable, qui est la marque des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) des Nations Unies, a pour objectif principal d'éradiquer l'extrême pauvreté ; l'éducation primaire universelle et la promotion de l'égalité des sexes et de l'autonomisation des femmes, des objectifs qui ne peuvent être atteintes sans un système d'enseignement supérieur efficace et fonctionnel. Pourtant, le système conventionnel semble incapable de contribuer à sa réalisation ; par conséquent, un mode alternatif est nécessaire. Le mode de formation ouverte à distance semble être la réponse. Cette étude, par conséquent, tout en se concentrant sur l'Université nationale ouverte du Nigeria (NOUN) a utilisé des méthodes qualitatives et contextuelles pour examiner comment le système d'éducation de l'ODL de l'institution contribue à la réalisation de la durabilité au Nigéria. Il a été conclu que le mode ODL a beaucoup de potentiels et de dispositifs intégrés favorables à aider NOUN à mettre le Nigeria sur la ligne du développement durable, bien que le système soit confronté à certains défis. L’étude recommande un financement et une dotation adéquats ; l'infrastructure et l'expansion du mode d'éducation afin d'aider NOUN à poursuivre l'objectif.
References
Adamu, A. U. (2019). Convocation Address, 8th Convocation Ceremony of the National Open University of Nigeria, NOUN Headquarters, Abuja, March 23.
Aderinoye, R. and Ojokheta, K. (2012). Open-Distance Education as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development: Reflections on the Nigerian Experience, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Adomßent, M., Fischer, D., Godemann, J., Herzig, C., Otte, I., Rieckmann, M., Timm, J. (2014). Emerging Areas in Research on Higher Education for Sustainable Development – Management Education, Sustainable Consumption and Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. 62, January 1, p. 1 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.045.
Ajadi, T. O., Salawu, I. O. & Adeoye, F. A. (2008). E-learning and distance education in Nigeria. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET October 2008 ISSN: 1303-6521 volume 7 Issue 4 Article 7.
Akpan, C. P. (2012). Enhancing Quality in Open and Distance Education Through Effective Utilisation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigeria. Department of Educational Administration and Planning, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Alaezi, O. A. (2005). National Open University Plan; Enhancing Higher Education in Nigeria through Open Distance Learning Delivery System. Lagos: NOUN.
Anwukah, T. G. (2018). Managing Education for Sustainability. Lecture delivered at the 6th convocation ceremony of Nile University of Nigeria, October 27, at Jabi-Abuja.
Awe, A. B. (2012): Barriers to distance learning at the National Open University of Nigeria. Journal of Education Review 15(4).
Casarejos, F., Gustavson, L. M. and Frota, M. N. (2001). Higher education institutions in the United States: Commitment and coherency to sustainability vis-a-vis dimensions on the institutional environment. Journal of Cleaner Production. www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro.
Commonwealth of Learning International (2001): Building capacity to deliver distance education in Nigeria’s Federal System. Report prepared for World Bank. http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIA EXTN/Resources/capacity_de_ pdf. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
Commonwealth of Learning International (1999) Designing materials for open and distance learning; Training toolkit, Asian Development Bank, COL.
Dhanarajan, G. (2001). Combating Poverty through Adult Education. Silver Jubilee Celebration of the Institute of Distance and Continuing Education. University of Guyana. 5th March.
Dodds, A. (2005). Universities. Open University Life – Long Learning Delivery System. Lagos: NOUN.
Emanuel, R. (2010). College students’ perceptions of campus sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 79-92.
European Central Bank (ECB) (2009). The Role of United States in the Global Economy and its Evolution over Time. European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 4e26. St"ephane D"eesand Arthur Saint-Guilhem.
Fabunmi, F. A. (2004). The role of libraries and information centres in distance and open
learning education. In E. O. Fagbamiye et al (EDs)… op.cit.., 255-262.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). The National Policy on Education. Fourth Edition. Abuja: NERDC Press.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2012): Shortage of basic facilities crippling varsities. Extract from the Federal Government Report on NEEDS Assessment in the Nigerian University System. The Punch, November 26.
Ferrer-Balas D., Lozano R., Huisingh D., Buckland H., Ysern P., Zilahy G. (2010). Going beyond the rhetoric: system-wide changes in universities for sustainable societies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 607-610.
Giddings B., Hopwood B., and O’Brien G. (2002). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable Development 10 (4), 187–196.
Glen, F. (2005). A Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth. Vancouver: The Commonwealth for Learning.
Gough S. (2002). Increasing the value of the environment: A ‘real options’ metaphor for learning. Environmental Education Research 8 (1), 61-72.
Haigh, M., 2005. Greening the university curriculum: appraising an international movement. J. Geogr Higher Education 29 (1), 31-48.
Human Capacity Development: The Case of the Primary Education Programme of the National Open University of Nigeria. Makerere Journal of Higher Education. ISSN: 1816-6822; 3(2) (2012) 123 – 139 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.10.
Jegede, O. (2016). Open and Distance Learning Practices in Nigerian Higher Institutions of Learning. Being an Invited Keynote Address at the 3rd University of Ibadan Annual Distance Learning Centre Distinguished Lecture and Stakeholders’ Forum Held at the International Conference Centre, University of Ibadan, Thursday, 14th & Friday, 15 July.
Jimoh, M. (2013). An Appraisal of the Open and Distance Learning Programme in
Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.3.
Kungolos, A., Christodoulatos, C., Koutsospyros, A., Emmanouil, C., Laspidou, C., Mallios, Z. Dermatas, D. (2016). (EDs). How close to being “Green” are the Greek universities - Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Protection and Restoration of the Environment 1019, Organized by Division of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Stevens Institute of Technology, Mykonos Island, Greece, July 3-8. USA ISBN: 978-960-6865-94-7.
Lozano, R. (2000). Declarations, charters, and partnerships as mechanisms to better incorporate sustainable development in higher education. Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, LS29JT, R.Lozano@leeds.ac.uk.
Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Alonso-Almeida, M., Huisingh, D., Lozano, F. J., Waas, T., Lambrechts, W., Lukman, R., Hug"e, J. (2015). A review of commitment and implementation of sustainable development in higher education: Results from a worldwide survey. J. Clean. Prod.108, 1e18.
Lozano, R., Lukman, R., Lozano, F. J., Huisingh, D., Lambrechts, W. (2013). Declarations for sustainability in higher education: becoming better leaders, through addressing the university system. J. Clean. Prod. 48, 10e19.
Lozano, R., (2006). Incorporation and institutionalization of SD into universities: breaking through barriers to change. J. Clean. Prod.14 (9e11), 787e796.
Mandela, N. (2001). The Power of Education in Nation Building. Washington DC: Washington Post.
Maxwell, C. C., Musingafi1, B. M., Kudzai, C. and Shupikai, Z. (2015). Challenges for open and distance learning (odl) students: experiences from students of the Zimbabwe Open University. Journal of Education and Practice. ISSN 2222-1735, Vol. 6, No 18.
NBS (2017). Again, Nigeria Fails to Meet UN Benchmark on Education. Abuja: NBS Technologies.
NOUN (2018a). National Open University of Nigeria at a Glance. Abuja: NOUN.
NOUN (2018b). National Open University of Nigeria: Education for All. Abuja: NOUN.
Ofoha, D (2012). Contribution of open and distance learning programmes to human capacity development: the case of the primary education programme of the National Open University of Nigeria. Journal of Higher Education. ISSN: 1816-6822; 3(2) (2012) 123-139 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.10.
Ohioze, W. F., Odishika, V. A., Adedeji, L. A., Olusanya, S. O. and Adesina-Uthman, G. A. (2015). Appraisal of open and distance learning education in Nigeria through the National Open University of Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279980229. July 15.
Onwe, O. J. (2013). Policies and practice of open and distance learning models in the Sub- Saharan African countries: A literature survey. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. Vol. 3 No. 8; August.
Rauch F. (2002). The potential of education for sustainable development for reform in schools. Environmental Education Research, 8 (1), 43-51.
Razak, D. A., Sanusi, Z. A., Jegatesen, G., Khelghat-Doost, H. (2013). Alternative university appraisal (AUA): Reconstructing universities' ranking and rating toward a sustainable future. In: Caeiro, S., Filho, W. L., Jabbour, C. and Azeiteiro, U. M. (EDs.) Sustainability assessment tools in higher education institutions: mapping trends and good practices around the world. Springer, New York: Heidelberg. Pp. 139-154.
Rupande, G. (2015). Open and distance learning: the cornerstone of economic transformation. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2015, Pp 279-285 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) www.arcjournals.org.
Shah, N. (2011). History of Education in Nigeria: From Ancient to Contemporary Era - The Global and Nigeria Perspective. Port Harcourt: Hrey Publication.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51, 1-17.
Summers M. and Childs A. (2007). Student science teachers’ conceptions of sustainable development: an empirical study of three postgraduate training cohorts. Research in Science & Technological Education, 25 (3), 307-327.
Tenebe A. V. (2013). NOUN News Bulletin Quarterly Publication of Media and Information Special Edition. Lagos: NOUN.
The Punch (2018). Scandalous poor funding: education gets n4.57 trillion of n61.48 trillion budget in 10 years, January 6.
Thomas, H. (2004). Guest Editorial – Low cost distance education strategies: The use of appropriate information and communication technologies. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. Volume 5, Number 1. ISSN: 1492-3831.
Ugbaja, S. C. (2018). Management practices towards the incorporation of sustainability in African universities. European. Journal of Business and Management. www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.10, No.8.
Ugbogbo, H. E., Akwemoh, M. O. & Omoregie, C. B. (2013). The role and challenges of education in national development (The Nigeria experience). Journal of Educational and Social Research. MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy.
UNESCO (2005). International Implementation Scheme: United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014), Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2006). Framework for the UNDESD International Implementation Scheme. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2014). Aichi-Nagoya declaration on education for sustainable development. https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5859Aichi-Nagoya_ Declaration_EN.pdf/ (Accessed 26 January 2017).
UNESCO (1997). Declaration of Thessaloniki. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/ 117772eo.pdf/ (Accessed 2 May.
UNESCO (1998). World declaration on higher education for the twenty-first century: vision and action and framework for priority action for change and development in higher education. http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/wche/declaration_eng. htm/ (Accessed 23 November 2015).
Vanguard (2019). Scandalous poor funding: education gets n4.57 trillion of n61.48 trillion budget in 10 years. January 6.
Wals, A., 2012. Shaping the Education of Tomorrow. 2012 Full-Length Report on the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Paris.
Wambugu, L. and Kyalo, D. (2013). Open and distance education as a strategy for improving higher education in the 21st century in Kenya: A case of the University of Nairobi. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735. Vol. 4, No.14.
WCED (1987). Our Common Future, A report from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization African Region (2015). Climate Change and its Potential Effects UNCED – United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1993). Agenda 21: programme of action for sustainable development; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Statement of Forest Principles: the final text of agreements negotiated by governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 3-14 June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. United Nation Department of Public Information. New York. Africa. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC7rsWVI7so (Retrieved September 15, 2017).
Aderinoye, R. and Ojokheta, K. (2012). Open-Distance Education as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development: Reflections on the Nigerian Experience, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Adomßent, M., Fischer, D., Godemann, J., Herzig, C., Otte, I., Rieckmann, M., Timm, J. (2014). Emerging Areas in Research on Higher Education for Sustainable Development – Management Education, Sustainable Consumption and Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. 62, January 1, p. 1 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.045.
Ajadi, T. O., Salawu, I. O. & Adeoye, F. A. (2008). E-learning and distance education in Nigeria. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET October 2008 ISSN: 1303-6521 volume 7 Issue 4 Article 7.
Akpan, C. P. (2012). Enhancing Quality in Open and Distance Education Through Effective Utilisation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigeria. Department of Educational Administration and Planning, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Alaezi, O. A. (2005). National Open University Plan; Enhancing Higher Education in Nigeria through Open Distance Learning Delivery System. Lagos: NOUN.
Anwukah, T. G. (2018). Managing Education for Sustainability. Lecture delivered at the 6th convocation ceremony of Nile University of Nigeria, October 27, at Jabi-Abuja.
Awe, A. B. (2012): Barriers to distance learning at the National Open University of Nigeria. Journal of Education Review 15(4).
Casarejos, F., Gustavson, L. M. and Frota, M. N. (2001). Higher education institutions in the United States: Commitment and coherency to sustainability vis-a-vis dimensions on the institutional environment. Journal of Cleaner Production. www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro.
Commonwealth of Learning International (2001): Building capacity to deliver distance education in Nigeria’s Federal System. Report prepared for World Bank. http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIA EXTN/Resources/capacity_de_ pdf. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
Commonwealth of Learning International (1999) Designing materials for open and distance learning; Training toolkit, Asian Development Bank, COL.
Dhanarajan, G. (2001). Combating Poverty through Adult Education. Silver Jubilee Celebration of the Institute of Distance and Continuing Education. University of Guyana. 5th March.
Dodds, A. (2005). Universities. Open University Life – Long Learning Delivery System. Lagos: NOUN.
Emanuel, R. (2010). College students’ perceptions of campus sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 79-92.
European Central Bank (ECB) (2009). The Role of United States in the Global Economy and its Evolution over Time. European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 4e26. St"ephane D"eesand Arthur Saint-Guilhem.
Fabunmi, F. A. (2004). The role of libraries and information centres in distance and open
learning education. In E. O. Fagbamiye et al (EDs)… op.cit.., 255-262.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). The National Policy on Education. Fourth Edition. Abuja: NERDC Press.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2012): Shortage of basic facilities crippling varsities. Extract from the Federal Government Report on NEEDS Assessment in the Nigerian University System. The Punch, November 26.
Ferrer-Balas D., Lozano R., Huisingh D., Buckland H., Ysern P., Zilahy G. (2010). Going beyond the rhetoric: system-wide changes in universities for sustainable societies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 607-610.
Giddings B., Hopwood B., and O’Brien G. (2002). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable Development 10 (4), 187–196.
Glen, F. (2005). A Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth. Vancouver: The Commonwealth for Learning.
Gough S. (2002). Increasing the value of the environment: A ‘real options’ metaphor for learning. Environmental Education Research 8 (1), 61-72.
Haigh, M., 2005. Greening the university curriculum: appraising an international movement. J. Geogr Higher Education 29 (1), 31-48.
Human Capacity Development: The Case of the Primary Education Programme of the National Open University of Nigeria. Makerere Journal of Higher Education. ISSN: 1816-6822; 3(2) (2012) 123 – 139 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.10.
Jegede, O. (2016). Open and Distance Learning Practices in Nigerian Higher Institutions of Learning. Being an Invited Keynote Address at the 3rd University of Ibadan Annual Distance Learning Centre Distinguished Lecture and Stakeholders’ Forum Held at the International Conference Centre, University of Ibadan, Thursday, 14th & Friday, 15 July.
Jimoh, M. (2013). An Appraisal of the Open and Distance Learning Programme in
Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.3.
Kungolos, A., Christodoulatos, C., Koutsospyros, A., Emmanouil, C., Laspidou, C., Mallios, Z. Dermatas, D. (2016). (EDs). How close to being “Green” are the Greek universities - Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Protection and Restoration of the Environment 1019, Organized by Division of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Stevens Institute of Technology, Mykonos Island, Greece, July 3-8. USA ISBN: 978-960-6865-94-7.
Lozano, R. (2000). Declarations, charters, and partnerships as mechanisms to better incorporate sustainable development in higher education. Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, LS29JT, R.Lozano@leeds.ac.uk.
Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Alonso-Almeida, M., Huisingh, D., Lozano, F. J., Waas, T., Lambrechts, W., Lukman, R., Hug"e, J. (2015). A review of commitment and implementation of sustainable development in higher education: Results from a worldwide survey. J. Clean. Prod.108, 1e18.
Lozano, R., Lukman, R., Lozano, F. J., Huisingh, D., Lambrechts, W. (2013). Declarations for sustainability in higher education: becoming better leaders, through addressing the university system. J. Clean. Prod. 48, 10e19.
Lozano, R., (2006). Incorporation and institutionalization of SD into universities: breaking through barriers to change. J. Clean. Prod.14 (9e11), 787e796.
Mandela, N. (2001). The Power of Education in Nation Building. Washington DC: Washington Post.
Maxwell, C. C., Musingafi1, B. M., Kudzai, C. and Shupikai, Z. (2015). Challenges for open and distance learning (odl) students: experiences from students of the Zimbabwe Open University. Journal of Education and Practice. ISSN 2222-1735, Vol. 6, No 18.
NBS (2017). Again, Nigeria Fails to Meet UN Benchmark on Education. Abuja: NBS Technologies.
NOUN (2018a). National Open University of Nigeria at a Glance. Abuja: NOUN.
NOUN (2018b). National Open University of Nigeria: Education for All. Abuja: NOUN.
Ofoha, D (2012). Contribution of open and distance learning programmes to human capacity development: the case of the primary education programme of the National Open University of Nigeria. Journal of Higher Education. ISSN: 1816-6822; 3(2) (2012) 123-139 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.10.
Ohioze, W. F., Odishika, V. A., Adedeji, L. A., Olusanya, S. O. and Adesina-Uthman, G. A. (2015). Appraisal of open and distance learning education in Nigeria through the National Open University of Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279980229. July 15.
Onwe, O. J. (2013). Policies and practice of open and distance learning models in the Sub- Saharan African countries: A literature survey. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. Vol. 3 No. 8; August.
Rauch F. (2002). The potential of education for sustainable development for reform in schools. Environmental Education Research, 8 (1), 43-51.
Razak, D. A., Sanusi, Z. A., Jegatesen, G., Khelghat-Doost, H. (2013). Alternative university appraisal (AUA): Reconstructing universities' ranking and rating toward a sustainable future. In: Caeiro, S., Filho, W. L., Jabbour, C. and Azeiteiro, U. M. (EDs.) Sustainability assessment tools in higher education institutions: mapping trends and good practices around the world. Springer, New York: Heidelberg. Pp. 139-154.
Rupande, G. (2015). Open and distance learning: the cornerstone of economic transformation. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2015, Pp 279-285 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) www.arcjournals.org.
Shah, N. (2011). History of Education in Nigeria: From Ancient to Contemporary Era - The Global and Nigeria Perspective. Port Harcourt: Hrey Publication.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51, 1-17.
Summers M. and Childs A. (2007). Student science teachers’ conceptions of sustainable development: an empirical study of three postgraduate training cohorts. Research in Science & Technological Education, 25 (3), 307-327.
Tenebe A. V. (2013). NOUN News Bulletin Quarterly Publication of Media and Information Special Edition. Lagos: NOUN.
The Punch (2018). Scandalous poor funding: education gets n4.57 trillion of n61.48 trillion budget in 10 years, January 6.
Thomas, H. (2004). Guest Editorial – Low cost distance education strategies: The use of appropriate information and communication technologies. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. Volume 5, Number 1. ISSN: 1492-3831.
Ugbaja, S. C. (2018). Management practices towards the incorporation of sustainability in African universities. European. Journal of Business and Management. www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.10, No.8.
Ugbogbo, H. E., Akwemoh, M. O. & Omoregie, C. B. (2013). The role and challenges of education in national development (The Nigeria experience). Journal of Educational and Social Research. MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy.
UNESCO (2005). International Implementation Scheme: United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014), Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2006). Framework for the UNDESD International Implementation Scheme. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2014). Aichi-Nagoya declaration on education for sustainable development. https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5859Aichi-Nagoya_ Declaration_EN.pdf/ (Accessed 26 January 2017).
UNESCO (1997). Declaration of Thessaloniki. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/ 117772eo.pdf/ (Accessed 2 May.
UNESCO (1998). World declaration on higher education for the twenty-first century: vision and action and framework for priority action for change and development in higher education. http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/wche/declaration_eng. htm/ (Accessed 23 November 2015).
Vanguard (2019). Scandalous poor funding: education gets n4.57 trillion of n61.48 trillion budget in 10 years. January 6.
Wals, A., 2012. Shaping the Education of Tomorrow. 2012 Full-Length Report on the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Paris.
Wambugu, L. and Kyalo, D. (2013). Open and distance education as a strategy for improving higher education in the 21st century in Kenya: A case of the University of Nairobi. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735. Vol. 4, No.14.
WCED (1987). Our Common Future, A report from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization African Region (2015). Climate Change and its Potential Effects UNCED – United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1993). Agenda 21: programme of action for sustainable development; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Statement of Forest Principles: the final text of agreements negotiated by governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 3-14 June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. United Nation Department of Public Information. New York. Africa. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC7rsWVI7so (Retrieved September 15, 2017).
Published
2018-07-09
How to Cite
Aliede, J. E. (2018). Application of Open and Distance Learning in Positioning Nigerian Educational System for Sustainable National Development. West African Journal of Open and Flexible Learning, 7(1), 57–88. Retrieved from https://wajofel.org/index.php/wajofel/article/view/22
Issue
Section
Research Articles
